UACR (urine albumin/creatinine)
Urine Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio (UACR) measures protein leakage from kidneys, adjusted for urine concentration. It's a sensitive early marker of kidney damage, particularly important for diabetes monitoring. Elevated UACR indicates glomerular damage and increased cardiovascular risk.
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Microalbuminuria
Microalbuminuria is the presence of small amounts of albumin in urine, indicating early kidney damage before clinical symptoms appear. It's particularly important in diabetes monitoring as an early sign of diabetic nephropathy. Early detection allows for interventions to prevent progression to kidney disease.
Creatinuria
Creatinuria measures creatinine levels in urine, which reflects muscle mass and kidney function. Since creatinine is produced at a relatively constant rate by muscles and freely filtered by kidneys, urinary creatinine helps normalize other urine measurements and assess kidney filtration.
Urinary leukocytes (urine cytology)
Urinary leukocytes (white blood cells in urine) indicate urinary tract inflammation or infection. Their presence suggests bacterial urinary tract infections, kidney inflammation, or other urogenital conditions. Higher counts typically correlate with more severe infections or inflammatory processes.
Urinary occult red blood cells (urine cytology)
Urinary occult red blood cells detect microscopic blood in urine not visible to the naked eye. Their presence (microscopic hematuria) can indicate kidney stones, infections, glomerular disease, tumors, or other urological conditions requiring further evaluation.
Granular cylinders (urine cytology)
Granular cylinders are tube-shaped structures formed in kidney tubules from cellular debris and proteins. Their presence in urine indicates tubular damage or dysfunction, often seen in acute tubular necrosis, chronic kidney disease, or nephrotoxic injury. They suggest significant kidney pathology.
Urinary red blood cells (urine cytology)
Urinary red blood cells indicate visible or microscopic bleeding in the urinary tract. Their presence can result from kidney disease, stones, infections, trauma, or malignancies. The morphology and number of red cells help determine the source and severity of urological conditions.